Combinatorics

10 Systems of Distinct Representatives

Theorem 10.1
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In order for the family \(\mathcal{A} = (A_1, A_2 ,\ldots , A_n)\) of sets to have an \(SDR\), it is necessary that the following condition hold:
(MC): For each \(k=1,2, \ldots , n\) and each choice of \(k\) distinct indices \(i_1, i_2, \ldots , i_k\) from \(\{ 1,2, \ldots , n\} \),

\begin{equation} \label{9.1} \left|A_{i_1} \cup A_{i_2} \cup \cdots \cup A_{i_k}\right| \geq k \end{equation}
1

in short, every \(k\) sets of the family collectively contain at least \(k\) elements.

Theorem 10.2
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The family \(\mathcal{A} = (A_1, A_2 ,\ldots , A_n)\) of subsets of a set \(Y\) has an SDR if and only if the marriage condition MC holds.

Theorem 10.3
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Let \(\mathcal{A} = (A_1, A_2 ,\ldots , A_n)\) be a family of subsets of a finite set \(Y\). Let \(t\) be an integer with \(0 \leq t \leq n\). Then there exists a subfamily of \(t\) sets of \(\mathcal{A}\) that has an SDR if and only if

\begin{equation} \label{9.2} \left|A_{i_1} \cup A_{i_2} \cup \cdots \cup A_{i_k}\right| \geq k - (n -t) \end{equation}
2

for all \(k\) with \(k \geq n-t\) and all choices of \(k\) distinct indices \(i_1, i_2, \ldots , i_k\) from \(\{ 1,2, \ldots , n\} \).

Theorem 10.4
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Let \(\mathcal{A} = (A_1, A_2 ,\ldots , A_n)\) be a family of subsets of a finite set \(Y\). Then the largest number of sets in a subfamily of \(\mathcal{A}\) with an SDR equals the smallest value taken by the expression

\begin{equation} \label{9.4} \left|A_{i_1} \cup A_{i_2} \cup \cdots \cup A_{i_k}\right| + n -k \end{equation}
3

over all choices of \(k = 1,2, \ldots ,n\) and all choices of \(k\) indices \(i_1, i_2, \ldots , i_k\) with \(1 \leq i_1 {\lt} i_2 {\lt}\ldots {\lt} i_k \leq n\).

Theorem 10.5
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For each preferential ranking matrix, there exists a stable complete marriage.

Theorem 10.6
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The stable complete marriage obtained from the deferred acceptance algorithm, with the women choosing the men, is women-optimal. If the men choose the women in the deferred acceptance algorithm, the resulting complete marriage is men-optimal.

Corollary 10.7
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In the women-optimal stable complete marriage, each man is paired with the woman he ranks lowest among all the partners that are possible for him in a stable complete marriage.